120 research outputs found

    Comportement à la rayure de surfaces de polymÚres : comparaison entre mesures expérimentales et simulations numériques

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    Dans ce travail, nous prĂ©sentons les premiers rĂ©sultats de simulations numĂ©riques du test de rayure sur matĂ©riaux massifs. Nous avons supposĂ© des lois de comportement de type G'Sell – Jonas, identifiĂ©es expĂ©rimentalement par indentation pour deux matĂ©riaux polymĂšres PMMA et CR39. Nous avons modĂ©lisĂ© la rayure gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©e par un indenteur sphĂ©rique de rayon R pour diffĂ©rents rapports a/R (avec a, le rayon de contact), pour un facteur de frottement adhĂ©sif local supposĂ© constant ”loc = 0.3. Pour un rapport a/R = 0.3, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© l'influence du frottement adhĂ©sif local avec ”loc compris entre 0 et 0.4. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus par analyse numĂ©rique confirment en grande partie les observations expĂ©rimentales obtenues Ă  l'aide de la machine de micro-rayage. Nous montrons un couplage fort entre dĂ©formation plastique sous l'indenteur, frottement, et morphologies du contact. Il est possible d'estimer en fonction des conditions de rayage, une dĂ©formation plastique moyenne reprĂ©sentative de la nature du contact. Cette dĂ©formation est utilisĂ©e pour analyser les essais expĂ©rimentaux

    Analyses des sillons viscoélastiques lors d'un contact entre une pointe rigide et la surface d'un polymÚre.

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    Des couches incolores et jaunes ont Ă©tĂ© obtenues par un traitement laser Nd/YAG impulsionnel Ă  la surface d'un substrat en titane. Les Ă©volutions de la structure ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es Ă  la suite de test de fretting Ă  l'aide d'analyses Raman. Ces analyses Raman montrent que les Ă©volutions engendrĂ©es par les frottements sont diffĂ©rentes entre ces couches incolores et jaunes mĂȘme si leurs comportements tribologiques et leurs morphologies sont proches

    Practical Fault Injection Attacks on SPHINCS

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    The majority of currently deployed cryptographic public-key schemes are at risk of becoming insecure once large scale quantum computers become practical. Therefore, substitutes resistant to quantum attacksæ„Šnown as post-quantum cryptography預re required. In particular, hash-based signature schemes appear to be the most conservative choice for post-quantum digital signatures. In this work, we mount the first practical fault attack against hash-based cryptography. The attack was originally proposed by Castelnovi, Martinelli, and Prest [9] and allows the creation of a universal signature forgery that applies to all current standardisation candidates (XMSS, LMS, SPHINCS+, and Gravity-SPHINCS). We perform the attack on an Arduino Due board featuring an ARM Cortex-M3 microprocessor running the original stateless scheme SPHINCS with a focus on practicality. We describe how the attack is mountable with a simple voltage glitch injection on the targeted platform, which allowed us to collect enough faulty signatures to create a universal forgery within seconds. As the attack also applies to stateful schemes, we show how caching one-time signatures can entirely prevent the attack for stateful schemes, such as XMSS and LMS. However, we discuss how protecting stateless schemes, like SPHINCS, SPHINCS+, and Gravity-SPHINCS, is more challenging, as this countermeasure does not apply as efficiently as in stateful schemes

    Caractérisations mécaniques et physico-chimiques des effets de l'implantation d'ions Kr+ à haute énergie sur des couches d'hydroxuapatite déposées par PLD

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    L'hydroxyapatite (Hap) et phosphate octocalcique (OCP) sont des matériaux biocéramiques largement utilisés dans la fabrication des implants dentaires à cause de leurs propriétés de biocompatibilité, d'ostéointégration et de protection du substrat métallique. Cependant, les films Hap et OCP présentent une faible adhérence aux substrats métalliques. Dans ce travail nous présentons une solution pour améliorer cette propriété ainsi que l'augmentation de la homogénéité et de la densité des ces films. Les films Hap et OCP déposés par ablation laser pulsée sur un substrat de titane ont été traités par implantation ionique à haute énergie avec des ions Kr+. Nous avons utilisé des mesures de diffraction de rayons X sous incidence rasante, de spectroscopie RBS, pour étudier les effets du bombardement ionique sur la microstructure et la composition chimique. Les propriétés mécaniques des films ont été évaluées avant et aprÚs implantation à l'aide de techniques d'indentation instrumentée

    Analyse numérique du fluage et de la recouvrance d'un contact viscoélastique

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    Des essais de fluage de contact et de recouvrance des empreintes ont été réalisés pour analyser la "cicatrisation" d'une surface de PMMA sollicitée en microindentation par une bille rigide. Les résultats sont analysés avec des simulations numériques. L'identification du comportement viscoélastique du PMMA est obtenue à partir d'essais de relaxation. Les résultats permettent d'analyser les champs de déformation sous le contact lors de la phase de fluage. Ceux-ci montrent que la localisation du niveau maximal de déformation est prépondérante dans le caractÚre cicatrisant d'une empreinte

    A Large-Scale Distribution of Milk-Based Fortified Spreads: Evidence for a New Approach in Regions with High Burden of Acute Malnutrition

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    BACKGROUND: There are 146 million underweight children in the developing world, which contribute to up to half of the world's child deaths. In high burden regions for malnutrition, the treatment of individual children is limited by available resources. Here, we evaluate a large-scale distribution of a nutritional supplement on the prevention of wasting. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A new ready-to-use food (RUF) was developed as a diet supplement for children under three. The intervention consisted of six monthly distributions of RUF during the 2007 hunger gap in a district of Maradi region, Niger, for approximately 60,000 children (length: 60-85 cm). At each distribution, all children over 65 cm had their Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) recorded. Admission trends for severe wasting (WFH<70% NCHS) in Maradi, 2002-2005 show an increase every year during the hunger gap. In contrast, in 2007, throughout the period of the distribution, the incidence of severe acute malnutrition (MUAC<110 mm) remained at extremely low levels. Comparison of year-over-year admissions to the therapeutic feeding program shows that the 2007 blanket distribution had essentially the same flattening effect on the seasonal rise in admissions as the 2006 individualized treatment of almost 60,000 children moderately wasted. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate the potential for distribution of fortified spreads to reduce the incidence of severe wasting in large population of children 6-36 months of age. Although further information is needed on the cost-effectiveness of such distributions, these results highlight the importance of re-evaluating current nutritional strategies and international recommendations for high burden areas of childhood malnutrition

    Kenya in Motion 2000-2020

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    This edited volume offers a broad understanding and particular visions of Kenya in the first quarter of the twenty-first century. By bringing together rigorous yet accessible contributions, it shows how, since the 2002 transition, Kenya has been striving for change through economic modernisation and political liberalisation. The planned transformations are coming to fruition, even if the legacies of the past and political habits are slowing down the process. The various chapters take us from developmental capitalism to extreme poverty and enduring inequalities, from reforms on paper to mixed results in multiple sectors: decentralised governance, natural resources, land, and education. They also explore Kenya’s ancient and colonial history and the diversity of its population. Thus, the book helps understand contemporary political, religious and community cleavages, the asymmetries between towns and the countryside, between Nairobi and the coast, in a country open to the world, as much through trade and finance as through art networks.Cet ouvrage offre une saisie synthĂ©tique et des visions particuliĂšres du Kenya en ce premier quart du XXIe siĂšcle. Il rassemble des contributions rigoureuses et accessibles pour montrer comment, depuis l’alternance de 2002, le Kenya s’efforce de changer par la modernisation Ă©conomique et la libĂ©ralisation politique. Les transformations annoncĂ©es voient le jour, mĂȘme si les legs du passĂ© et les habitus politiques en ralentissent la marche. Les diffĂ©rents chapitres nous mĂšnent du capitalisme dĂ©veloppemental kĂ©nyan Ă  la grande pauvretĂ© et aux inĂ©galitĂ©s vivaces, des rĂ©formes sur le papier aux mises en Ɠuvre en demi-teinte dans de multiples secteurs : gouvernance dĂ©centralisĂ©e, ressources naturelles, foncier, Ă©ducation. L’histoire ancienne et coloniale, la diversitĂ© du peuplement au Kenya permettent de mieux comprendre les clivages politiques, religieux et communautaires, les asymĂ©tries entre villes et campagnes, entre Nairobi et la cĂŽte, dans un Kenya ouvert sur le monde, autant par le commerce et la finance que par les rĂ©seaux de l’art

    Le Kenya en marche, 2000-2020

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    Cet ouvrage offre une saisie synthĂ©tique et des visions particuliĂšres du Kenya en ce premier quart du XXIe siĂšcle. Il rassemble des contributions rigoureuses et accessibles pour montrer comment, depuis l’alternance de 2002, le Kenya s’efforce de changer par la modernisation Ă©conomique et la libĂ©ralisation politique. Les transformations annoncĂ©es voient le jour, mĂȘme si les legs du passĂ© et les habitus politiques en ralentissent la marche. Les diffĂ©rents chapitres nous mĂšnent du capitalisme dĂ©veloppemental kĂ©nyan Ă  la grande pauvretĂ© et aux inĂ©galitĂ©s vivaces, des rĂ©formes sur le papier aux mises en Ɠuvre en demi-teinte dans de multiples secteurs : gouvernance dĂ©centralisĂ©e, ressources naturelles, foncier, Ă©ducation. L’histoire ancienne et coloniale, la diversitĂ© du peuplement au Kenya permettent de mieux comprendre les clivages politiques, religieux et communautaires, les asymĂ©tries entre villes et campagnes, entre Nairobi et la cĂŽte, dans un Kenya ouvert sur le monde, autant par le commerce et la finance que par les rĂ©seaux de l’art.This edited volume offers a broad understanding and particular visions of Kenya in the first quarter of the twenty-first century. By bringing together rigorous yet accessible contributions, it shows how, since the 2002 transition, Kenya has been striving for change through economic modernisation and political liberalisation. The planned transformations are coming to fruition, even if the legacies of the past and political habits are slowing down the process. The various chapters take us from developmental capitalism to extreme poverty and enduring inequalities, from reforms on paper to mixed results in multiple sectors: decentralised governance, natural resources, land, and education. They also explore Kenya’s ancient and colonial history and the diversity of its population. Thus, the book helps understand contemporary political, religious and community cleavages, the asymmetries between towns and the countryside, between Nairobi and the coast, in a country open to the world, as much through trade and finance as through art networks

    Old lineage on an old island : Pixibinthus, a new cricket genus endemic to New Caledonia shed light on gryllid diversification in a hotspot of biodiversity

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    Few studies have focused on the early colonization of New Caledonia by insects, after the re-emergence of the main island, 37 Myr ago. Here we investigate the mode and tempo of evolution of a new endemic cricket genus, Pixibinthus, recently discovered in southern New Caledonia. First we formally describe this new monotypic genus found exclusively in the open shrubby vegetation on metalliferous soils, named 'maquis minier', unique to New Caledonia. We then reconstruct a dated molecular phylogeny based on five mitochondrial and four nuclear loci in order to establish relationships of Pixibinthus within Eneopterinae crickets. Pixibinthus is recovered as thesister clade of the endemic genus Agnotecous, mostly rainforest-dwellers. Dating results show that the island colonization by their common ancestor occurred around 34.7 Myr, shortly after New Caledonia re-emergence. Pixibinthus and Agnotecous are then one of the oldest insect lineages documented so far for New Caledonia. This discovery highlights for the first time two clear-cut ecological specializations between sister clades, as Agnotecous is mainly found in rainforests with 19 species, whereas Pixibinthus is found in open habitats with a single documented species. The preference of Pixibinthus for open habitats and of Agnotecous for forest habitats nicely fits an acoustic specialization, either explained by differences in body size or in acoustic properties of their respective habitats. We hypothesize that landscape dynamics, linked to major past climatic events and recent change in fire regimes are possible causes for both present-day low diversity and rarity in genus Pixibinthus. The unique evolutionary history of this old New Caledonian lineage stresses the importance to increase our knowledge on the faunal biodiversity of 'maquis minier', in order to better understand the origin and past dynamics of New Caledonian biota
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